American Identity essays

American Identity essays It is predicted that by the year 2050, Caucasian Americans will become a minority in the United States. Is this rapid increase of minorities creating an alarming situation deserving concern? In todays American society, we have become particularly apprehensive with the issue of diversity and but are commonly told to "celebrate" the heterogeneity of individuals this country has come to foster. Why is then so often innocent Americans are condemned or even penalized for such trivial differences such as speaking a language other than English, wearing a skin color other than Caucasian, or expressing homosexual orientation? Such discrimination can only have a harmful impact on American identity. Americans have always feared those who are "different" but have been taught to disguise their fears and attempt to treat everyone equally. However, after the recent events on September 11th, 2001, many Americans have wrongly fashioned unnecessary biases and preconceptions towards the unusual and t he unknown. This inexcusable ignorance is causing the destruction of our American Identity. Beginning in the late 1700's, America became known nationally for her support of religious freedom, seemingly endless job opportunities and an abundance of in-expensive land. As a result, immigrants from all over the globe penetrated these borders, forcing the nation to expand further and further west. People flocked from Ireland, Britain, Italy, Russia and numerous other European countries. By the 19th century, America was already a nation with a diverse population, all in search of a better life. However, even then immigrants were looked down upon and were only offered low paying jobs. In fact an age of nativism came into being, when the Americans wanted immigration of cease allowing America to contain only those who were "native" Americans. When the truth was, native Indian Americans were the only true natives. Immigratio...

Causing a Furor, Not a Fury

Causing a Furor, Not a Fury Causing a Furor, Not a Fury Causing a Furor, Not a Fury By Maeve Maddox Although furor and fury derive from the same Latin verb, furere, â€Å"to rage, be mad,† when the intended meaning is â€Å"public uproar,† furor is the better choice. Although anger is often one of the emotions expressed in a public upheaval of interest and comment, it isn’t always. Sometimes a furor may be caused by excessive admiration. In fact, the word that Americans and Canadians spell furor and British speakers spell furore, entered English from Italian furore, â€Å"enthusiastic popular admiration.† Here’s an example in which furor is used without the connotation of anger: With the first indication of his appearance, wide-eyed teenage girls gripped the edge of their chairs, stamped their feet in passionate furor and started clutching each other for emotional support. In the following examples, â€Å"to cause a fury† is a poor substitute for â€Å"to cause a furor†: Original: Two cases of Ebola have caused a fury in Texas. Better: Two cases of Ebola have caused a furor in Texas. Original: The first Matisse show in New York  caused a fury  that delighted Stieglitz. Better: The first Matisse show in New York  caused a furor that delighted Stieglitz. Furor conveys the ideas of objection and argument that fury does not. Here are some synonyms to clarify the difference between fury and furor: fury fierceness ferocity violence turbulence tempestuousness savagery severity intensity vehemence force forcefulness power strength furor commotion uproar outcry fuss agitation pandemonium disturbance hubbub tumult turmoil Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Misused Words category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Farther vs. Further11 Writing Exercises to Inspire You and Strengthen Your Writing10 Humorous, Derisive, or Slang Synonyms for â€Å"Leader† or â€Å"Official†

U.S. and Texas Government Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

U.S. and Texas Government - Essay Example It was thought that by having electors with a better political understanding, the choice of the president would be one to unite all Americans. Presently, for a US presidential candidate to be declared officially as the president, a 270 majority from the electorate college is mandatory. In the past, the Electoral College has denied some candidates the presidency. During the 1824 elections, Andrew Jackson failed on the president bid because, despite winning the popular vote, he only managed less than 50% of the electoral votes. Similarly, Samuel Tilden, during the 1876 elections failed to become president because he did not meet the threshold. Others who faced a similar ordeal were Grover Cleveland and the recent one Al Gore. Currently, the state of Texas has 38 electors while Wyoming has 3. However, seemingly, unfair, this system is fair given the populations of respective states. However, the smaller states are likely to perceive it otherwise. Besides Nebraska and Maine, all the other states use the ‘winner-takes-it-all rule. This rule influences the presidency in the sense that a state can be biased. ‘Swing states’ refer to a state that two main political parties share voters almost equally. Presidential elections ought to be reformed in a way that the general electorate’s wish is directly implemented. College educated voters are quite knowledgeable on electoral matters. Conversely, nonvoters tend to know mainly about the candidates, not issues discussed.

International Human Rights Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

International Human Rights Law - Essay Example f attaching to third world repressive regimes and conflict zones often permits the most horrific human rights abuse through promulgation of unsavory business practices as pointed by GE1. Several of these multi-national firms are accused of economic imperialism and the fostering of intercountry competition as related in Blake,et al 2. Governed by the rules of supply and demand, their loyalties are solely afforded to their stockholders. Amidst accusations and public scrutiny, extra-territorial corporate regulations are implemented to address human rights concerns as provided by U.S. Dept. of Commerce3. Serious calls for legislative challenges alleged that the American Government as a whole benefited from this internationalization of production and marketing. As the parent country of TNC’s, such allegations created fear among the public officials who are likely dragged into the difficult situation. As a result of these concerns, the government has imposed stringent measures to unravel the complications of jurisdictional disputes and direct relationship of the parent state and the host country over the multinational corporations. Along with other parent countries standard policies for control were established to meet the specific demands of their parents and host. In response a number of multinational corporations countered with their own voluntary policies and/or codes developed with industry groups, intergovernmental organizations and multi-stakeholder initiatives to provide as an adjunct to the established principles provided by the state or parent countries, in Simons4. Voluntary Principles were also established by the United States and United Kingdom to offer as guidelines for human rights assessment techniques. The United Nations Human Rights Responsibilities also upheld an effective model for voluntary self-assessment and verification methods to ensure corporate accountability. Problems are often encountered though at their regulations especially in

Human factors in aviation accidents Essay Example for Free

Human factors in aviation accidents Essay As a result of researches that recognized the existence of human factors in error management, the aviation industry also began to take initiatives to reformat aviation organisations. The aviation industry shifted to a more open culture that valued communication and at the same time recognized that human error will always be present but through time and more advanced studies can be reduced further (Sexton, Thomas Helmreich, 2000). Almost all aspects have been looked into. Selection and training processes were raised to a different level. While technical skills were highly valued before, they have been found to be inadequate in dealing with safety concerns. Selection of aircrew now includes processes that determine their ability to learn from errors and to become team players. There also has been a new approach for training – not only the pilots, but the entire crew is trained. There are also a mounting number of interventions that are being tested for their effectivity to modify behavioral patterns that could injure a system’s safety. Because crew resource management (CRM) failure is implicated in most aircraft accidents, CRM training programs, which began as a part of a National Aeronautics and Space Administration [NASA] program in 1979, began to be widely received by aviation organisations. Now on its 5th generation, CRM trainings for the crew have been conducted by major airlines and even the navy. The CRM training program encompasses many aspects of aviation safety such as situation awareness, task management and communication (Thomas, 2004). The 5th generation CRM programs can be viewed as a tool to effectively manage errors. CRM combats errors in three ways: obviously, the first one is the avoidance of error; the second Human Factors in Aviation Accidents 10 one is the â€Å"suppression† of the error before it happens; and third, the mitigation of the effects of the errors should it not be avoided (Helmreich, Merritt Wilhelm, 1999). The focus of the 5th generation CRM is the normalization of errors – whether due to active or latent failures – and the development of strategies to manage these errors (Helmreich, Merritt Wilhelm, 1999). Although CRM programs focus on human errors and its effects on aviation safety, it is never entirely a behavioral training. After all, if you recall, a â€Å"productive system† is an interaction of human and technological factors. Therefore, CRM is not to be taken as a stand-alone program. It is meant to be incorporated to technical trainings where the crew has to be adept in the operation of modern aviation technology and at the same time has to learn non-technical skills such as effective communication, coordination and teamwork. Despite the fact that intervention programs like the CRM has been introduced and conducted for crews in major and regional airlines for the two decades, the percentage of CRM failures in aviation accidents remained relatively flat (Wiegmann Shappell, 2001). Although initial results of CRM programs have been found to be encouraging such that positive results were seen almost immediately after the conduction of the program, it was soon obvious that such results were short-lived (Taneja, 2002). What could have happened that prevented such interventions to perform as expected? Helmreich Merritt (2000) offers an explanation at least for CRM. First, not everybody responds to CRM training. Some may have become less accepting of CRM after the training. Although attitudes do not necessarily define behavior, it has been a well-known maxim that those who reject a concept are more likely not to follow the principles that it imparts. (Helmreich, Merritt Wilhelm, 1999). Human Factors in Aviation Accidents 11 Culture – national, professional and organisational – is also a significant factor that determines the level of acceptance for a CRM concept (Helmreich Merritt, 2000). When CRM was introduced to other national cultures, it soon became evident that certain CRM concepts can either be readily accepted or rejected depending on the national culture. Cultures such as China and many Latin American countries that stress the importance of absolute power and authority of their leaders will necessarily be less receptive to the idea of subordinates questioning the decisions of their leaders, than cultures that are less hierarchical (Hofstede, 1980 as cited by Helmreich, Merrit Wilhelm, 1999). While CRM programs encourage subordinates to be more assertive in questioning their leaders, junior crew members in these cultures are quite disinclined to do this because of fear of showing disrespect. These same cultures are also collectivists who stress interdependenc and the necessity to work together for a common goal. In contrast, American and European cultures, which are highly individualistic, give more value to independence and more priority to individual goals. The value of teamwork and the need for coordination will most likely be readily accepted in the former than in the latter. There are also High Uncertainty Avoidance cultures like Greece, Korea and many Latin American countries that prefer CRM concepts already specifying required behaviors. Cultures that are low in Uncertainty Avoidance tend to be more flexible when it comes to behaviors but have difficulty adhering to standard operating procedures. Furthermore, this kind of culture, along with non-collectivist cultures are more questioning with regards to the usage of automation while High Uncertainty Avoidance and collectivist cultures accept the idea of automation usually without, or relatively less, questions. Intervention programs such as CRM should therefore not be patterned after a single national culture. From the discussion it can be seen above that autocratic cultures can also Human Factors in Aviation Accidents 12 value teamwork and interdependence than non-autocratic cultures (Helmreich, in press). Cultures exhibiting difficulty of adherence to SOPs may be more innovative when dealing with novel situations not covered by procedures. In contrast, cultures who stress strict adherence to rules may find it difficult to be more flexible in new situations. Although CRM programs require behavior modification, certain beliefs ingrained into a culture are quite difficult to modify. If CRM has to attain widespread global use, it has to design programs that are congruent to national culture and yet still enhances safety. Error management should therefore be embraced as a culture in itself. Focusing on threat and error management as goals, training programs should not aim for a total reversal of norms and beliefs but rather for a drawing out of positive behaviors without directly confronting national culture. Many professions, including aviation, have strong cultures and develop their own norms and values (Helmreich, in press). Each culture encompasses both positive and negative aspects. Aircrew for example has a high level of motivation and a strong sense of professional pride. The negative component, which is seen to be universal, is the inability to admit vulnerability to stressors. Majority of pilots in almost all national cultures agree that their decision-making abilities are not hampered by personal problems and that it is as good in emergency situations as in normal situations. Furthermore, most of these pilots have indicated that they do not make errors even while under stress. This â€Å"macho† culture, when left uncorrected, can lead to risk taking, failure to coordinate with other crew members and error. Indeed, one focus of the 5th generation CRM program is to help pilots acknowledge that human error does occur and they are more vulnerable to it if they continue to deny the existence and effect of stressors. As stated earlier, the organisational culture determines the principle of the organisation towards safety. One reason why CRM does not deliver results when it should is Human Factors in Aviation Accidents 13 the organisational context on which the program was delivered (Helmreich Merritt, 2000). Organisations may have a highly evolved safety culture and possesses a positive outlook on safety. Such organisations will most likely benefit from CRM and other intervention strategies. Others react only to safety threats once they are looming while some organisations give perfunctory attention to safety issues without really embracing a safety culture that works towards a highly effective accident prevention program. The current process of investigating errors during accidents also contributes to the apparently limited success of intervention strategies. Most accident reporting systems are primarily technological and have been designed with little regard to human factors. Such systems are on their way to being perfected in terms of identifying mechanical failures but in itself is also a bit of a failure when it comes to assessment of human errors (Wiegmann Shappell, 2001). An examination of an accident investigation process may help drive down the point. When an accident due to mechanical failure happens, investigators examine objective and quantifiable information such as that obtained from the flight data recorder. The data is processed and the probable causes of the accident are recorded so that safety recommendations can be identified. After the investigation, the data obtained is entered into a database which can be periodically accessed to provide feedback to investigators. The information in the database can also be used by funding organizations to determine which researches to fund. As a result, intervention strategies are further developed to prevent mechanical failure from happening or mitigate consequences once they do happen (Helmreich Merritt, 2000). Either way, the number of accidents due to mechanical failures has been greatly reduced. Human Factors in Aviation Accidents 14 In contrast, investigations of accidents due to human errors produce results that are not tangible and are difficult to quantify. And because the studies of human factors came later than studies of mechanical failures, investigative techniques used in human error analysis are less refined than those used to assess engineering and design concerns. When these techniques are used to analyze accident data, the results are rarely very useful and safety issues cannot be readily addressed. Therefore any intervention strategy designed using this data is not assured of success. Taneja (2002) echoes this concern stating that human errors have been implicated in 70-80% of aircraft accidents demonstrating the very limited success of current intervention strategies and also proposes a solution: a holistic approach to intervention strategies. To date, most researches on human factors in aviation have focused on specific aspects of aircraft accident prevention. Sarter and Alexander (2000) have observed that current researches on human error focus mainly on three key aspects: the development of error classification schemes, the design of error-tolerant systems, and error prevention through improved design and additional training (as cited by Taneja, 2002). Because accident prevention is such a wide field of study, it is very possible that certain aspects have been missed out or overlooked. Error framework also abound as almost every human factor researcher comes up with his own error framework. With so many intervention strategies proposed by researchers and some even practiced in the industry, there have been inadequate attempts to integrate these strategies into a holistic solution. A holistic approach to intervention strategies involve looking at all the possible links to an aircraft accident in order to come up with an intervention that best fits an organisation. Basing on all the links, an organisation must assess in what area their weaknesses lie and determine if these need intervention. The intervention strategy to be used in a certain Human Factors in Aviation Accidents 15 organisation will therefore be customized according the weak links in the organisation’s system. The two links that are directly related to aviation accidents are the aircraft and the aircrew. Although accidents due to mechanical failures have been greatly reduced to advancement in technology, there needs to be constant assessment of the aircraft in general and the human factors affecting the man-machine interface in particular (Taneja, 2002). Intervention strategies that can be applied to aircrew can be divided into two broad categories: selection and training. Ever since the knowledge that human factors contribute to aviation accidents, the selection process have been amended such that the pilots are not chosen based on technical skill alone but more so on their ability to coordinate with fellow aircrew, recognize their own errors and be willing to work with others to deal with these errors. Once chosen, the pilot’s training will have a great impact on his proficiency and possibly, on his ability to avoid accidents. Possible interventions on these two main links can have a major influence on the number of accidents encountered by the organisation. The process of accident investigation, although a secondary link, should also be looked into in for possible intervention strategies. To date there is no benchmark as to the training and expertise a safety investigator must have. In order for a standardised level of investigation to be achieved, there needs to be a minimum with regards to the exposure an investigator must have. The investigative tools that the safety investigator uses could also be subject to an intervention. As discussed earlier, investigation techniques for human errors are inadequate at present and needs further researches in order the reach the level of refinement of evaluative techniques for mechanical failures. The kinds of human errors as discussed by Wiegmann and Shappell (2001) while developing HFACS, are also links that could be used to come up with more effective Human Factors in Aviation Accidents 16 intervention strategies. Furthermore, autopsy results during aircraft accidents, although unable to prevent future accidents, can be used to design intervention strategies that will make an aircraft accident more survivable. Upon carefully assessing the links just mentioned and determining the areas that need intervention, it is recognized that the success of any strategy ultimately depends on the Organisational Safety Culture (Taneja, 2002). Toft (1989) defined an organisation’s safety culture as â€Å"the set of norms, beliefs, attitudes and roles, social and technical practices that minimizes the exposure of the managers, employees and the general public to conditions considered dangerous or injurious† (as cited by Taneja, 2002). Discussed in brief earlier, the way an organisation handles errors and error management strategies depend on its safety culture. A safety conscious organisation will not treat an accident as just another unavoidable circumstance but rather will focus its efforts in preventing future accidents from happening. A careful investigation that searches for the possible factors leading to the occurrence of the accident will be performed. Ideally, an organisation with a highly effective safety culture will aim to plug the hole in the Swiss cheese model before another opportunity for a catastrophe will be created (Reason, 1990 as cited by Taneja, 2002). Even organisations that have a sound safety culture however can still be plagued by errors caused by human limitations such as fatigue, severe workloads, inadequate training, poorly-maintained equipment and errors caused by the air traffic control which would consequently affect the aircrew and the organisation. Even if the organisation has tried to remove every conceivable active and latent failure, chance errors can still take place (Heimrich Merritt, 2000). But every organisation is bound to have a loophole. Thus, constant monitoring of all aspects in the organisation , whether directly related to safety or not, is essential. Human Factors in Aviation Accidents 17 Because errors can arise from a variety of sources, any single intervention strategy, such as the CRM must not be taken as a panacea for eliminating error. CRM is only a tool that organisations use to perform error management. All intervention strategies have its limitation – the effects it will have on an organisation depends on the national culture, the strengths and weaknesses of the professional culture, and the organisational safety culture. Furthermore, the way the people at the frontline perceive the intervention strategy will affect the outcome of such a strategy. In summary, the study of human factors affecting aircraft accidents has fostered an abundance of researches in this field. With the conception of CRM almost three decades ago, numerous error frameworks and intervention strategies have been proposed and used. Unfortunately, such a plethora of studies have not created a significant reduction on human error-related aircraft accidents. Presumably because it is still a relatively young field, the researches need more focus and the intervention strategies need more refinement. Intervention strategies have to address differences in national, professional and organisational culture. It is also important that intervention strategies be customized to a certain organisation to ensure a greater amount of success. With the continuous development and improvement of researches in this field, there will bound to be a breakthrough in time, and the success that has long been sought will finally be at hand. Human Factors in Aviation 18. References Helmreich, R. L. (in press). Culture, threat and error: Assessing system safety. In Safety in Aviation: The Management Commitment: Proceedings of a Conference. London: Royal Aeronautical Society.Retrieved October 2, 2007 from http://homepage. psy. utexas. edu/HomePage/Group/HelmreichLAB/Publications/pubfiles/Pub257. pdf. Helmreich, R. L. Merritt, A. C. (2000). Safety and error management. The role of Crew Resource Management. In B. J. Hayward and A. R. Lowe (Eds. ), Aviation Resource Management. Aldershot, UK: Ashgate Publishing Ltd. 107-119. Helmreich, R. L. Merritt, A. C. Wilhelm, J. A. (1999). The evolution of Crew Resource Management training in commercial aviation. International Journal of Aviation Psychology, 9(1):19-32. Reason, J. (2000). Human error: Models and management. BMJ, 320(7237): 768-770. Sexton, J. , Thomas, E. J. Helmreich, R. L. (2000). Error, stress and teamwork in medicine and aviation: cross sectional surveys. BMJ, 320:745-749. Taneja, N. (2002). Human factors in aircraft accidents: A holistic approach to intervention strategies. Retrieved October 1, 2007 from www. humanfactors. uiuc. edu/ReportsPapersPDFs/humfac02/tanejahf02. pdf. Thomas, M. J. W. (2004). Error management training: Defining best practice. ATSB Aviation Safety Research Grant Scheme Project 2004/0050. Retrieved October 1, 2007 from www. atsb. gov. au/publications/2004/pdf/error_management_training_best_practice. pdf. Wiegmann, D. A. Shappell, S. A. (2003). A human error approach to aviation accident analysis. Aldershot, UK: Ashgate Publishing Ltd. Human Factors in Aviation Accidents 19 Wiegmann, D. A. Shappell, S. A. (2001 February). A human error analysis of commercial aviation accidents using the Human Factors Analysis and Classification System [HFACS]. Office of Aviation Medicine. Retrieved October 2, 2007 from www. hf. faa. gov/docs/508/docs/cami/0103. pdf.

Impact of Media in Shaping Perceptions and Policies

Impact of Media in Shaping Perceptions and Policies CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION The Information Age has seen a transformation in the nature of war. The emerging trend is towards low intensity conflicts and proxy war waged between states and non-state actors. Information Warfare, Information Operations and Psychological Operations have come to dominate the battle space. Besides military dominance, warring sides aim to create positive perception to gain international support and public acceptance towards their strategic goals. The media, including print, radio, television and internet has become a preferred channel to this end. History is studded with a number of instances where media was effectively utilized to shape perceptions and influence the will of allies as well as adversaries. Right from the Boer War, World Wars One and Two, the Vietnam War and the various Gulf conflicts, the victors have successfully conducted intensive campaigns to create and sustain a favorable narrative. The United States of America, during Operation Enduring Freedom in Afghanistan an d Operation Iraqi Freedom in Iraq embedded journalists with its frontline forces. As a consequence, the global audience was exposed to a new intensity and immediacy of combat never before experienced. The massive information overload thus produced almost entirely favored the United States and its Coalition allies. Despite criticism for indiscriminate and subjective broadcasting of violence without context or commentary, the embedded journalists garnered the bulk of global attention and were faithful purveyors of the Coalition narrative. In the Indian context, the war of 1971 was an example where media, including international war correspondents, accompanied the forces advancing in the East. There was no attempt made to either hinder or influence their reporting. At present, the Indian Army is faced with a proxy war in Jammu and Kashmir where both the adversary state and its non-state proxies contest the nation in the military, political as well as the information domain. The violent actions of terrorist groups are complemented by a massive media offensive. The aim is to influence perceptions of the domestic audience and the global community. Then Chief of Army Staff, General B C Joshi, had referred to the media as a Force Multiplier while giving out guidelines to the Army deployed in proxy war in Jammu and Kashmir in 1994.[1] Until Kargil, the thrust of Army Media interaction was to highlight the Army’s role in Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Relief, focus on sports, jubilee celebrations and to avoid me dia glare during operations. However, the 1999 Kargil conflict was a watershed in wartime reporting. Until then, media was viewed as a meddlesome diversion at best and a threat to Operational Security at worst. During the conflict, the Indian Army realized the potential of the media to gain an Information Warfare advantage over the adversary. In view of this experience, and in line with the report of the Kargil Review Committee report, the Army changed its media policy. It is perhaps time to take a cue from the United States of America and explore the feasibility of embedding journalists with troops engaged in fighting the proxy war in Jammu and Kashmir. At first glance, the concept seems impractical and pointless; however, a strong case may exist in its favor. METHODOLOGY Statement of the Problem The impact of media in shaping perceptions and influencing policies needs no further evidence. However, the Information Warfare advantage that may be gained by the Indian Army in the proxy war in Jammu and Kashmir from embedded journalists has not been studied in detail. With a visible slant in media against the prolonged military campaign in general and the Armed Forces Special powers Act in particular, there is a need to analyze the likely results of embedded journalists. Is the experience of Coalition forces in the Global War On Terrorism relevant to the Indian context? Is there a need to modify the concept of media interaction accordingly? Will the outcome justify the risks? Hypothesis Embedding journalists with troops engaged in proxy war in Jammu and Kashmir will present an Information Warfare advantage to the Indian Army. Justification of the Study At present, the Indian Army is alive to the reality of conducting operations in the full glare of the media. However, there is little enthusiasm among the majority of the rank and file towards media interaction. The anti-establishment tone of the vernacular media has fostered a sense of passive hostility towards all media in general. The possibility of embedded journalists revealing classified information and indulging in sensationalizing sensitive issues has also influenced the leadership to restrict the scope of media interaction in proxy war in Jammu and Kashmir. Scope The scope of the study being vast, the paper concentrates on the possible implications of embedding journalists with troops engaged in proxy war in Jammu and Kashmir. The paper highlights the need to increase media interaction and brings out the advantages of ensuring broadcast of a favorable narrative across all forms of media. It also aims to support the hypothesis with research on similar initiatives elsewhere in time and space. Operational Definitions The special terms used in this dissertation are defined below :- (a)Â  Information Warfare.[2]Â  The offensive and defensive use of information and information systems to deny, exploit, corrupt or destroy an adversary’s information, information based processes, information systems, and computer based networks while protecting one’s own. Such actions are designed to achieve advantages over military or political adversaries. (b)Â  Information Operations.[3]Â  The integrated employment of electronic warfare, computer network operations, psychological operations, military deception, and operations security, in concert with specified supporting and related capabilities, to influence, disrupt, corrupt or usurp adversarial human and automated decision making, while protecting our own. (c)Â  Psychological Operations.[4]Â  Efforts to convey selected truthful information and indicators to foreign audiences to influence their emotions, motives, objective reasoning and ultimately, the behavior of their governments, organizations, groups and individuals. Methods of Data Collection The sources of reference are :- (a) Books from Defence Services Staff College library. (b) Articles from newspapers, magazines and journals. (c) Articles from the Internet. (d) Interactions with serving and retired Army officers, journalists and bureaucrats. Organization of the Dissertation It is proposed to study the subject in the following manner :- (a)Â  Chapter I. Introduction and Methodology. (b)Â  Chapter II. Historical Background of Army Media Relationship. This chapter covers the origin of modern combat journalism and the rise in the influence of media in conflicts. (c)Â  Chapter III. Information Operations and Media. This chapter highlights the utilization of media for perception shaping and conducting successful Information Operations. A special case is made of the Kargil conflict, 1993. (d)Â  Chapter IV. Embedded Journalists in the Global War On Terror. This chapter looks at the Coalition experience of embedded journalism to draw relevant lessons for the Indian context. (e)Â  Chapter V. Suggested Contours of Media Interaction. This chapter draws a theoretical model for embedded journalism in Jammu and Kashmir, to meet the requirements of the Indian Army. (f)Â  Chapter VI. Advantages from Embedded Journalists in Jammu and. This chapter relates the relevance of embedded media in fighting proxy war in Jammu and Kashmir. (g)Â  Chapter VII. Conclusion. The conclusion will knit together the relevant aspects of all chapters to summarize the research and point the way ahead. The final statement of the hypothesis will be made in light of the evidence studied. While the paper will be ended, there will pointers to further research included, given the vast scope of the subject. [1] Chakraborty, A K Information War : Challenges In The Twentyfirst Century. Noida; Trishul, 2003, p.15. [2] Forest, James J.F.,ed. Influence Warfare : How Terrorists And Governments Fight To Shape Perceptions In A War Of Ideas. New Delhi: Pentagon Press, 2010, p.10. [3] ibidem [4] ibidem

Analysis Of Sweat By Zora Neale Hurston English Literature Essay

All through literature and narratives, words and characters will ever stand for different significances and symbols. Readers will go on to venture deeper and deeper into the significances of the words a author puts on paper. The author of the narrative may non even have a deeper significance to the authorship but we as worlds have a demand to research. The short narrative known as â€Å" Sweat † by Zora Neale Hurston may besides be one of those types of narratives. The short English literature narrative â€Å" Sweat, † written by Zora Neale Hurston, shows Sykes as the hubby of the taking character Delia in the narrative. During the narrative it seems as though Sykes gets easy upset and angered at his married woman Delia.A A Sykes takes his defeat out on Delia all throughout the narrative by aching her physically, rip offing with another adult female, and badgering her with one of her biggest fears, which are snakes.A A Even though Sykes ‘ behaviour should non be a ccepted or followed, he perchance could demo marks of a mental job that is non to the full addressed or delve into during the narrative. Sykes may besides experience threatened because Delia is the exclusive supplier of the house. He wants to experience as if he still has the â€Å" adult male † power and control over the matrimony. More frequently than one time he tries to take Delia and do her feel lesser to him as he feels it should be. A During this clip many adult females may hold backed down after being yelled at or threatened by their hubbies but Delia did non back down nevertheless. She took a base against Sykes by stating to him, † Mah bath of lather is filled yo ‘ belly with vittles more than yo ‘ custodies is filled it.A A Mah perspiration is done paid for this house and Ah reckon Ah kin maintain on sweatin ‘ in it † ( Hurston 408 ) . In the narrative the reader can about state and experience that Sykes besides does non desire to be reminded that he was unsuccessful in doing a complete household or the fact that he has failed to take attention and supply for his household. Betty Nosam writes in the book, â€Å" Perspiration, Looking for a Man`s topographic point † , â€Å" In Sweat, the hubby named Sykes is often exposed to his allow down and failures to supply for his household, his married woman by her repeating negotiations of ‘her ‘ passenger car, pony, o ther physical points † ( Nosam 66 ) .A Hollering, shouting and shouting all seem to neglect, which will do Sykes experience the demand to fall back to other agencies of doing Delia listen, violence.A A All Through the narrative Sykes will be endangering Delia and informing her that he will hit her physically in one manner or another. Writer of the book, A organizing a Straight clout with a curving fist, Loren Bruckheimer, will explicate how, â€Å" Zora Neale Hurston uses descriptions of the whip to suggest a people of manfulness expressed in an over powering nature and deeply seeded in cultural dictatorship † ( Bruckheimer 44 ) .A A This would connote that Sykes hits Delia merely because the lone manner of manfulness that he has known is the sort that the white townsmen seem to portray.A A During the times when white males beat African Americans, the white males would hold complete control and would look better. This in return would do the black work forces want the exact same feeling of power and entire control, so they demanded regard, power and authorization within their ain houses.A A In society the black work forces would be rejected regard which in return would do them demand it more and more in their places to reassure themselves of their control, domination, power and most of all manhood.A A A A A A A A A A A A A Over clip though, like anything that sub comes to suppression over a period, the adult females and married womans would get down to allow their voices be heard back to their hubbies, like Delia started making to her hubby Sykes, which would take to enormously surprised ideas and inquiries by their hubbies. The work forces at first would believe that because that because they were aching and conveying force toward their adult females or married womans, the adult females should conceal, cower and be wholly loyal to them at all times.A A Debbie C. Hallace goes on to state in her bookA Forming our ain Thoughts, â€Å" It shall be that motion of verbal communicating that ‘talking back, ‘ will be no mere signal of hollow letters and characters that is the visual aspect of our association from thing to publish † ( Hallace 11 ) . Delia cognizing her importance and existent power in the relationship needed to allow Sykes understand how much in world he truly needed and survived on her. So in return she took a base and allow her sentiments fly in response to the menaces and response`s Sykes let out. A A A A A A A A A A A A Later on in the narrative Sykes will develop a relationship or better yet a kept woman who is called Bertha who he will lavish with gifts and nowadayss alternatively of his ain married woman. One would believe that by holding another relationship it would do him experience manlier because he sees himself as more desirable and wanted if he has two adult females around him. Sykes will get down to take Bertha out on the town and lavish her with everything she asks. Sykes will state her, â€Å" Everything b'longs tuh me an ‘ you sho families have it.A A You kin git anything you wants.A A Dis is mah town an ‘ you sho ‘ families have it † ( Hurston 411 ) . By supplying for Bertha and giving her every privation and desire that she requires, it will in return make Sykes feel like a adult male and in control once more. A A A A A A A A A A A A Sykes will experience like he has gained most of his power back when he does something unexpected to Delia. He will travel approximately by utilizing her biggest concern and fright against her, inside their ain house. As we are told earlier in the narrative, Delia is a really strong adult female but like most anyone, has a fright of something and that fright is of serpents. Sykes will utilize that fright against his ain married woman in full caput on force. He will continue to convey a serpent into their place inside of coop to utilize against Delia to presumptively set her dorsum in line as a house married woman. Moments after Delia has seen the serpent a fire that has been easy firing within her will turn a small more and Delia will state to Sykes, â€Å" Sykes, Ah wants you tuh take digital audiotapes snake ‘way fum heah.A A Ah put up widcher, you done crush me an Ah took digital audiotape, but you done kilt all mah interiors bringin ‘ dat verm in heah † ( Hurston 413 ) .A A By conveying this serpent into the house Delia has felt the ultimate treachery and hatred that Sykes must hold for her. Delia feels that Sykes has now sunk to low and will get down to alter indoors, non merely her feelings about Sykes but her feelings as woman.A A Sykes being the manner he is has a casual attitude and will state Delia, â€Å" A whole batch Ad keer 'bout how you feels indoors uh out. Dat snake aint goin no darn wheah boulder clay Ah gits ready fuh ‘im tuh go.A A So fur as beatin ‘ is concerned, yuh aint took near all digital audiotape you gointer take ef yuh stay ‘roun me † ( 413 ) .A A This will about immediately allow the reader know that Sykes will travel to any lengths or steps to acquire Delia out of the house. This will do the reader admiration if Sykes has realized he will no longer hold the domination or control he one time had over Delia and has wholly lost his power as a adult male over her. In Return, one would presume that his kept woman Bertha would continue to travel into the place with Sykes so he may one time once more relive and recover his sense of manfulness.A A A A A A A A A A A AIn the terminal Sykes will carry through his mission of frightening Delia to the nucleus when she is making her wash merely to vilify that the serpent is in the basket with the wash. Bruckheimer explains in her Hagiographas that, â€Å" The hubby Sykes fruitfully frightens Delia, aˆÂ ¦his beginning of manfulness is finally negative and lifelessly for him † ( 102 ) . Sykes will finally happen that he has gotten the upper manus and it is merely a affair of clip before he can get down over with Bertha and recover his lost control over a family. In the terminal of class, his program will return to stalk him and blowback. Sykes will return to his place one eventide without any marks of Delia and finally be bitten by the serpent and Sykes will decease. Readers will about immediately feel that Sykes got what he deserved after this event and they have good ground for this. Sykes treated Delia incorrect for many old ages and she put up his mistreatment and maltreatment, even though after he does she does experience a sense of commiseration for him. Believing Sykes got what he deserved makes the reader think that his decease was the moral of the narrative but, Betty Nosam says â€Å" a individual ought to incorporate sympathy after a male, whose whole life signifier is formed by the way in which he is meant to provide for a household, is non capable to d raw together the demands of their household, the general populace, and most significantly what he wants out of himself † ( 56 ) .A A A A A A A A A A A A A † Perspiration † showed that it was non merely a narrative about a individual harming his married woman to derive power and normal stableness in his place, but a relation of a battle about a individual, a adult male, to hold his ain rightful topographic point in an mean, normal society at the clip. In a unfavorable judgment article written by Stephanie Calcker, â€Å" Zora Neale Hurston had the belief that the resist with racial favoritism is sufficient for inkinesss powers to the idea that the concluding and last object wanted by black work forces at that clip was to set below and deeper down by the black adult females † ( Calcker 201 ) .A So in decision one can see that Hurston non merely wanted us to see battles in African American adult females ‘s lives but besides in work forces ‘s by demoing us that society as ever has outlooks. Sykes was turned by the society of his clip so he felt unacceptable and non in his right mentality or proper topographic point during that clip. So it is safe to presume that Sykes along with many other African American work forces were trapped by the societal outlooks of what they should be in that clip period and had to come to their ain realisation of it.A

Dominant Price Leadership

ICFAI UNIVERSITY, DEHRADUN NAME: KEDAR SINGH TOMAR IUD No: 0901201057 IBS  No: 09BS0001057 Course Name: MANAGERIAL ECONOMICS Course Code: SLEC501 Faculty Name: DR. ANIRVINNA C. Date of Submission: 08TH SEPTEMBER 2009 Topic of the Assignment: DOMINANT PRICE LEADERSHIP Student Signature  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Faculty Signature DOMINANT PRICE LEADERSHIP Dominant price leadership exists when a. one firm drives the others out of the market. b. the dominant firm decides how much each of its competitors can sell. c. he dominant firm establishes the price at the quantity where its MR = MC, and permits all other firms to sell all they want to sell at that price. d. the dominant firm charges the lowest price in the industry. PRICE LEADER Marketing: Powerful firm whose prices are likely to be imitated by other firms in the same market. Price leaders usually are also the market leaders. DOMINANT LEADERSHIP Leadership characterized by a clear line of authority that gives the leader the power of delegation, and the power to control the subordinates' level of participation in decision making process.It is the most common form of leadership. PRICE LEADERSHIP Situation in which a market leader sets the price of a product or service, and competitors feel compelled to match that price. Oligopoly Models â€Å"Price Leadership† The firms in the Oligopolistic industry without any formal agreement accept the price set by the leading firm in the industry and move their prices in line with the prices of the leader firm. Price Leadership can be in any of the forms; Price Leadership by a Dominant firm Barometric Price Leadership Aggressive or Exploitative Price Leadership The structure of the DTH industry in India can be categorized as an â€Å"Olig opoly†.An oligopoly is a market form in which a market or industry is dominated by a small number of sellers (oligopolists). An oligopoly is a market dominated by a few large suppliers. The degree of market concentration is very high. Firms within an oligopoly produce branded products and there are also barriers to entry. Key characteristics of â€Å"Oligopoly† are following : †¢ Few larger supplier dominates the market †¢ Interdependence between firms †¢ Each firm produces branded products †¢ Significant entry barriers into the market in the long run which allows firms to make supernormal profits †¢ Each oligopolist is aware of he actions of the others. What is DTH? DTH stands for Direct-To-Home television. DTH is defined as the reception of satellite programmes with a personal dish in an individual home. DTH does away with the need for the local cable operator and puts the broadcaster directly in touch with the consumer. Only cable operators c an receive satellite programmes and they then distribute them to individual homes. Dishtv, subsidary of the biggest media conglomerate – Zee group, reached a significant milestone of crossing 4. Million subscriber mark and thus consolidating its leadership position as the largest and most innovative DTH Company in India. Dishtv is the leader in DTH sector with a market share of more than 53 per cent of the total subscriber base of 8 million. Dishtv’s footprint covers 5400 towns across India bringing smiles to 23 million Indians. Reliance communications subsidiary, Big TV, crossed one million subscriber mark within 90 days of launch. Big DTH is growing exponentially and is now next to Dish TV and Tata Sky with its 15 per cent market share.Launched in August this year, BIG TV is available at over one lakh retail outlets across 6,500 towns along with over 2,000 exclusive Reliance branded stores. Dishtv has consistently set the benchmarks for the Indian DTH industry and re defined the business through marketing innovations, introduction of new generation valueadded services and the highest standard of customer delivery. Today, Dishtv offers its subscribers choice and superior value for money with a range of innovative value-added services backed by excellent customer service.The Four Million milestone is not just a significant one for Dishtv but also symbolizes the successful growth of the Indian DTH industry. Dishtv has always been a forerunner in bringing new marketing innovations and going forward the company will initiate certain steps to rationalize the package offerings which may include charging of service tax etc. directly from the subscriber. Adding to its array of interactive value added service, dishtv launched the innovative Interactive Banking Service â€Å"ICICI ACTIVE† in association with ICICI Bank.This service enables Dish TV viewers to access information on ICICI Bank products and services, from the convenience of their homes. To celebrate the festive spirit of Diwali, Dishtv launched â€Å"BHAKTI ACTIVE†. Dishtv subscribers can now get Live Gurbani from Bangla Sahib and Nanded Sahib, Aarti of Sai Baba from Shirdi & Ganesh Aarti from Siddhi Vinayak, Mumbai, Aarti from Tirupati Balaji, Live Ganga Aarti from Haridwar and Bhasm Aarti of Mahakaal from Ujjain. Dishtv customers can now get blessed at the press of a button in the comfort of their home 24X7.Dishtv added 3 new channels on its platform. This addition will further enhance Dishtv’s strong bouquet of general entertainment, news, sports and regional channel offering to its discerning subscribers. The company had added a record 5. 29 Lakh subscribers during the Second Quarter of fiscal 2009 (July – September), breaking all its previous achievements. Dishtv’s footprint covers 6500 towns across India and it reaches into far flung markets which enable building of a diverse subscriber base across consumer segments. STRENGHTS Pio neer and leader of DTH services in India ? First mover advantage One year lead over nearest competitor ? ~ 3-year lead over others ? Largest subscriber base ~ 5. 0 mn (Mar-09) ? Backed by Zee Group India’s strongest Media group Full-service business model ? Basic subscription packs ? Value added services ? Bandwidth ? Teleport services Leveraging on first mover advantage backed by strong industry understanding ? Diversified content offering ? 240 channels + Services ? Content tie-ups at fixed rates ? State-of-the-art infrastructure ? Large distribution network ? Aggressive subscriber acquisition strategy to ensure continued market leadership DTH INDUSTRY MARKET SHARE 2008 | | | |Brand |Promoter |Market Share | | | | | |Dish TV |Zee group |53% | | | | | |TataSky |Tata Sons & Star TV |30% | | | | | |Big TV |Anil Dhirubhai Abani Group |15% | | | | | |Others (Sun Direct, AirTel Digital |Sun by SUN TV |2% | |TV ) |AirTel by Bharati telemedia | | | | | | Another way of confirmi ng it is by using the index Herfindahl.The Herfindahl index, also known as HERFINDAHL-HIRSCHMAN INDEX or HHI, is a measure of the size of firms in relationship to the industry and an indicator of the amount of competition among them. HHI s defined as the sum of the squares of the market shares of 50 largest firms (or summed over all the firms if there are fewer than 50) within the industry, when the market shares are expressed as percentages; the result is proportional to the average market share, weighted by market share. The higher the HHI Index the more oligopolistic is the industry In mathematical term it is defined as following : n H = ? si2 i=1 Where si is the market share of firm i in the market, and n is the number of firms.In the case of Indian DTH Industry the HHI index can be computed by squaring the market share of each player and adding them i. e. H = 532 + 302 + 152 + 22 H = 85399 Since this value of H is petty high it indicates that the market is oligopolistic. SUN TV NETWORK It is No 1 media company in South Asia and Asia Pacific Region based in Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India. Established in 1993, it offers a plethora of television channels in 4 languages covering the whole of southern India. It was the first fully privately owned Tamil channel in India when it emerged in 1993. Its serials and soaps have generated the maximum TRP for viewership all over India, making it the most popular network of channels in India.All its channels occupy the top spots in their respective languages. Sun TV, in Tamil is the Network's flagship and most popular channel. Being the premier channel, Sun TV is often used to refer cable tv in general or to the Sun TV Network in general. Sun TV and its sister channels have a dominating share of viewership in Tamil Nadu. Its cable arm, SCV is cable distribution and Sun Direct is the dominating DTH (direct-to-home) player in the state. Its radio network Suryan has a lion’s share of listenership; its magazine Kungumum a nd newspaper Dinakaran are leaders Although its main presence is in Tamil, it has channels in other languages also. Channel |Type | |Sun TV |Tamil Entertainment Channel | |Sun Music |Tamil Music Channel | |Sun News |Tamil News Channel | |KANNADA | |CHANNEL |TYPE | |Udaya TV |Kannada Entertainment Channel | |Udaya Movies |Kannada Movie Channel | |U 2 |Kannada Music Channel | |TELUGU | |CHANNEL |TYPE | |Gemini TV |Telugu Entertainment Channel | |Gemini Music |Telugu Music Channel | |Gemini News |Telugu News Channel | MALAYALAM | |CHANNEL |TYPE | |Surya TV |Malayalam Entertainment Channel | |Kiran TV |Malayalam Music Channel | |Kochu TV |Malayalam Kids Channel | |Chiri Thirai |Malayalam Comedy Channel(DTH) | FM RADIO STATIONS Sun TV Network has many FM radio stations based in India |Tamil FM Stations | |Radio Station |Area |Frequency | | |Suryan FM |Chennai |93.   MHz | | |Malayalam FM Stations | |Radio Station |Area |Frequency | | |S FM |Thiruvananthapuram |93. 5  MHz | | |Telugu FM Station | |Radio Station |Area |Frequency | | |S FM |Vishakapatnam |93. 5  MHz | | |Kannada FM Station | |Radio Station |Area |Frequency | | |S FM |Bangalore |93.   MHz | | |Hindi / Other Language FM Station | |Radio Station |Area |Frequency | | |Red FM |New Delhi |93. 5  MHz | | |Red FM |Mumbai |93. 5  MHz | | |Red FM |Kolkatta |93. 5  MHz | | PRINT MEDIA TAMIL NEWSPAPERS Dinakaran – (Daily Morning Newspaper) Tamil Murasu – (Daily Evening Newspaper) WEEKLY TAMIL MAGAZINE Kungumum Mutharam Because of the strong presence of SUN TV in every field whether its print media, TV, Radio and other close competitior in South India it is a clear market leader over there.

Benefits of an empire

Benefits of an empire Benefits of an empire.An unified empire provide stability to the people. This could be traced back to 221 BC where China was unified into empire called the Qin dynasty.The main reason is that chances of potential wars to be fought will be lesser and not that it implies there is no war whatsoever. Qin Shi Huang helped to remove this potential wars by unifying many states into one, by having an established centralized empire. Therefore, eliminate these states attacking one another.The second reason is establishes a centralized system of government. This will enable a stable economy and highly structured political system. This will mean that the country will function like a large free trade zone within the empire. Where people can import and export without the worry of taxes being imposed on them, when entering city-states. Implementation of rules and laws will be simpler as it will be standardized throughout the land.English: Qin Shi Huang tours Ð  Ã'Æ'Ã' Ã' Ã ºÃ ¸Ã ¹: КÐ °Ã¯ ¿ ½...By having an empire, means having a common identity. Hence, war can be avoided; laws will be standardized and form a free trade zone.Potential wars to be fought will be lesser meaning no chance or war occurringQin Shi Huang helped to remove this potential wars by unifying many states into one,Eliminate these states attacking one another.Centralized system of government.This will enable a stable economy and highly structured political system.Free trade zoneImport and export without the worry of taxes being imposed on them, when entering city-states.Implementation of rules and laws will be simpler as it will be standardized throughout the land.

Case Study, Warren Soft Drinks Ltd.

Case Study, Warren Soft Drinks Ltd. IntroductionThe company of the case study, Warren Soft Drinks Ltd., is operating in the soft drinks industry, making carbonated drinks, mineral waters and still concentrates. Although it is the management's intention to use strong branding as part of their marketing, it is unlikely that they will be able to measure against the mega-brands of Coca-Cola and Pepsi in the carbonated drinks market. Competition is fierce there, not only between these two brands but also between a wide range of cost-led brands, especially private ones.From the case study, it becomes evident that WSD Ltd. has certain troubles as far as its sales management methods are concerned. This includes their sales reps recruitment and initial training, their method of payment and reward for their job, the geographic division of the country and the company's future strategy.Recruitment TrainingTaking first things first, I believe that recruitment is very vital to an organisation's well-being.Stamp vending machines in the London Heathrow Airp...Surely, it is sensible that not everyone can be a good salesman. He has to be able to persuade people into buying staff and that depends on how good he is at bringing forth the good sides of the product while making the bad sides (especially cost) seems less vital. Charisma, fast-talking, truthfulness are some of the key qualities that are needed to persuade someone into trusting you. New recruits should be screened for these qualities before they are trained, so that no money is wasted on lazy people or people who are more likely to be uncommitted to the company and leave it for a rival. It should be company policy to hire the most committed of applicants. It is also crucial for a salesman to be able to work on his own, to have a working knowledge of arithmetic and mathematical skills, to be...

Nestle Case wk3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Nestle Case wk3 - Essay Example He completely overhauled the executive board and believed in restructuring as a continual process. However, his contention that when the organization is doing well, change should be justified. I therefore agree with what he did. By identifying the ‘untouchables’ where the organization’s core competencies and strengths are retained and enhanced, Nestle remains to project a solid brand and image associated with dairy food products. Recent times have indicated that Nestle created Nestlà © Nutrition, a global business organization designed to strengthen the focus on their core nutrition business – manifesting the same belief in Brabeck-Letmathe’s philosophy for organizational change. The implications for change managers that apply specifically to Nestle are: (1) that care needs to be taken in assessing and implementing organizational change (whether using an incremental or transformational approach); (2) incremental changes are less risky and therefore more appropriate; and (3) that change affects multiple types of changes simultaneously. Nestle management, particularly under the direction and navigation of Brabeck-Letmathe has understood the thrust of their organizational leader and steered the organization into unprecedented heights. By focusing, reinforcing and sustaining Nestle’s strengths instead of changing them, the strategy continue to work towards achieving global leadership in the food and nutrition market. The lessons from the front line emphasize that: (1) downsizing is not always the most appropriate method to restructure; (2) implementing technological changes is not always straightforward; and (3) producing successful acquisitions are always a managerial challenge. These issues can be overcome with open communication, identifying causes of resistance and barriers and aligning decisions to organizational goals. As evidenced from the Nestle case, there have been organizational changes

The role of religion in health promotion from a sociological point Essay

The role of religion in health promotion from a sociological point - Essay Example The World Health Organisation (WHO, 1947) defines health as â€Å"a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity† (Edlin, et al, 2000). This paper proposes to identify the benefits and factors relating to religion in the socialization of individuals, the development of social networks, and opportunities to enhance the health of various populations within the United States. The holistic view of health acknowledges the inter-relatedness of the spiritual, physical, psychological, emotional, social, and environmental factors that contribute to the overall quality of a person’s life. (Edlin, et al, 2000). Socialization may be defined as the process by which an individual learns the ways of a given society or social group so that he can function within it. The socialization process occurs through social relationships, hence it is a function of social interaction (Elkin, 1960). Through the mechanisms of religion: church attendance, participation, etc, socialization takes place. A principle of theosomatic medicine, as stated by Levin (2001) is that â€Å"regular religious fellowship benefits health by offering support that buffers the effects of stress and isolation†. Thus it is observed that by developing social contacts through the church or other religious organisation, the individual is able to come out of his isolation and get socialized into the religious group. Becoming a part of a group gives them a sense of belonging and security which has positive health outcomes. From a study conducted by Berkman and Syme (1979), for people between sixty and sixty-nine years of age, the relative risk of dying over the next nine years was 1.8 times greater for the most isolated men than the risk for the most connected men. For women in this age group, those with the least connections had three times greater risk than those with the most connections.. Surveys and research on Americans’ religious practices